The JEL Classification System is a subject classification system for economics derived from the Journal of Economic Literature of the American Economic Association.
- A: General Economics and Teaching
- A1: General Economics
- A10: General
- A11: Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists
- A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
- A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values
- A14: Sociology of Economics
- A19: Other
- A2: Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
- A20: General
- A21: Pre-college
- A22: Undergraduate
- A23: Graduate
- A29: Other
- A3: Collective Works
- A30: General
- A31: Collected Writings of Individuals
- A32: Collective Volumes
- A33: Handbooks
- A39: Other
- A1: General Economics
- B: History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
- B0: General
- B00: General
- B1: History of Economic Thought through 1925
- B10: General
- B11: Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
- B12: Classical (includes Adam Smith)
- B13: Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)
- B14: Socialist • Marxist
- B15: Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
- B16: Quantitative and Mathematical
- B17: International Trade and Finance
- B19: Other
- B2: History of Economic Thought since 1925
- B20: General
- B21: Microeconomics
- B22: Macroeconomics
- B23: Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
- B24: Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
- B25: Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School
- B26: Financial Economics
- B27: International Trade and Finance
- B29: Other
- B3: History of Economic Thought: Individuals
- B30: General
- B31: Individuals
- B32: Obituaries
- B4: Economic Methodology
- B40: General
- B41: Economic Methodology
- B49: Other
- B5: Current Heterodox Approaches
- B50: General
- B51: Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian
- B52: Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
- B53: Austrian
- B54: Feminist Economics
- B59: Other
- B0: General
- C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
- C0: General
- C00: General
- C01: Econometrics
- C02: Mathematical Methods
- C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
- C10: General
- C11: Bayesian Analysis: General
- C12: Hypothesis Testing: General
- C13: Estimation: General
- C14: Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
- C15: Statistical Simulation Methods: General
- C18: Methodological Issues: General
- C19: Other
- C2: Single Equation Models • Single Variables
- C20: General
- C21: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions
- C22: Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes
- C23: Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
- C24: Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models
- C25: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities
- C26: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
- C29: Other
- C3: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables
- C30: General
- C31: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models
- C32: Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models
- C33: Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
- C34: Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models
- C35: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions
- C36: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
- C38: Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models
- C39: Other
- C4: Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
- C40: General
- C41: Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies
- C43: Index Numbers and Aggregation
- C44: Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory
- C45: Neural Networks and Related Topics
- C46: Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics
- C49: Other
- C5: Econometric Modeling
- C50: General
- C51: Model Construction and Estimation
- C52: Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
- C53: Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods
- C54: Quantitative Policy Modeling
- C55: Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
- C57: Econometrics of Games and Auctions
- C58: Financial Econometrics
- C59: Other
- C6: Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
- C60: General
- C61: Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis
- C62: Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
- C63: Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling
- C65: Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
- C67: Input–Output Models
- C68: Computable General Equilibrium Models
- C69: Other
- C7: Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
- C70: General
- C71: Cooperative Games
- C72: Noncooperative Games
- C73: Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games
- C78: Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory
- C79: Other
- C8: Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs
- C80: General
- C81: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access
- C82: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access
- C83: Survey Methods • Sampling Methods
- C87: Econometric Software
- C88: Other Computer Software
- C89: Other
- C9: Design of Experiments
- C90: General
- C91: Laboratory, Individual Behavior
- C92: Laboratory, Group Behavior
- C93: Field Experiments
- C99: Other
- C0: General
- D: Microeconomics
- D0: General
- D00: General
- D01: Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
- D02: Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
- D04: Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
- D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics
- D10: General
- D11: Consumer Economics: Theory
- D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
- D13: Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
- D14: Household Saving • Personal Finance
- D15: Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving
- D18: Consumer Protection
- D19: Other
- D2: Production and Organizations
- D20: General
- D21: Firm Behavior: Theory
- D22: Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
- D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights
- D24: Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity
- D25: Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing
- D29: Other
- D3: Distribution
- D30: General
- D31: Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
- D33: Factor Income Distribution
- D39: Other
- D4: Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
- D40: General
- D41: Perfect Competition
- D42: Monopoly
- D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
- D44: Auctions
- D45: Rationing • Licensing
- D46: Value Theory
- D47: Market Design
- D49: Other
- D5: General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
- D50: General
- D51: Exchange and Production Economies
- D52: Incomplete Markets
- D53: Financial Markets
- D57: Input–Output Tables and Analysis
- D58: Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
- D59: Other
- D6: Welfare Economics
- D60: General
- D61: Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis
- D62: Externalities
- D63: Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
- D64: Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers
- D69: Other
- D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
- D70: General
- D71: Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations
- D72: Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
- D73: Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption
- D74: Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
- D78: Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
- D79: Other
- D8: Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
- D80: General
- D81: Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
- D82: Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design
- D83: Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness
- D84: Expectations • Speculations
- D85: Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
- D86: Economics of Contract: Theory
- D87: Neuroeconomics
- D89: Other
- D9: Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
- D90: General
- D91: Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
- D0: General
- E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
- E0: General
- E00: General
- E01: Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts
- E02: Institutions and the Macroeconomy
- E1: General Aggregative Models
- E10: General
- E11: Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian
- E12: Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian
- E14: Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional
- E13: Neoclassical
- E16: Social Accounting Matrix
- E17: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E19: Other
- E2: Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
- E20: General
- E21: Consumption • Saving • Wealth
- E22: Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity
- E23: Production
- E24: Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity
- E25: Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
- E26: Informal Economy • Underground Economy
- E27: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E29: Other
- E3: Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
- E30: General
- E31: Price Level • Inflation • Deflation
- E32: Business Fluctuations • Cycles
- E37: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E39: Other
- E4: Money and Interest Rates
- E40: General
- E41: Demand for Money
- E42: Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems
- E43: Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
- E44: Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
- E47: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E49: Other
- E5: Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
- E50: General
- E51: Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers
- E52: Monetary Policy
- E58: Central Banks and Their Policies
- E59: Other
- E6: Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
- E60: General
- E61: Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination
- E62: Fiscal Policy
- E63: Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy
- E64: Incomes Policy • Price Policy
- E65: Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
- E66: General Outlook and Conditions
- E69: Other
- E7: Macro-Based Behavioral Economics
- E70: General
- E71: Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy
- E0: General
- F: International Economics
- F0: General
- F00: General
- F01: Global Outlook
- F02: International Economic Order and Integration
- F1: Trade
- F10: General
- F11: Neoclassical Models of Trade
- F12: Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation
- F13: Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations
- F14: Empirical Studies of Trade
- F15: Economic Integration
- F16: Trade and Labor Market Interactions
- F17: Trade Forecasting and Simulation
- F18: Trade and Environment
- F19: Other
- F2: International Factor Movements and International Business
- F20: General
- F21: International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements
- F22: International Migration
- F23: Multinational Firms • International Business
- F24: Remittances
- F29: Other
- F3: International Finance
- F30: General
- F31: Foreign Exchange
- F32: Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements
- F33: International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
- F34: International Lending and Debt Problems
- F35: Foreign Aid
- F36: Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
- F37: International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- F38: International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
- F39: Other
- F4: Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
- F40: General
- F41: Open Economy Macroeconomics
- F42: International Policy Coordination and Transmission
- F43: Economic Growth of Open Economies
- F44: International Business Cycles
- F45: Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
- F47: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- F49: Other
- F5: International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
- F50: General
- F51: International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions
- F52: National Security • Economic Nationalism
- F53: International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations
- F54: Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism
- F55: International Institutional Arrangements
- F59: Other
- F6: Economic Impacts of Globalization
- F60: General
- F61: Microeconomic Impacts
- F62: Macroeconomic Impacts
- F63: Economic Development
- F64: Environment
- F65: Finance
- F66: Labor
- F68: Policy
- F69: Other
- F0: General
- G: Financial Economics
- G0: General
- G00: General
- G01: Financial Crises
- G1: General Financial Markets
- G10: General
- G11: Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions
- G12: Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates
- G13: Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing
- G14: Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading
- G15: International Financial Markets
- G17: Financial Forecasting and Simulation
- G18: Government Policy and Regulation
- G19: Other
- G2: Financial Institutions and Services
- G20: General
- G21: Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages
- G22: Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies
- G23: Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors
- G24: Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies
- G28: Government Policy and Regulation
- G29: Other
- G3: Corporate Finance and Governance
- G30: General
- G31: Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity
- G32: Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill
- G33: Bankruptcy • Liquidation
- G34: Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance
- G35: Payout Policy
- G38: Government Policy and Regulation
- G39: Other
- G4: Behavioral Finance
- G40: General
- G41: Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets
- G0: General
- H: Public Economics
- H0: General
- H00: General
- H1: Structure and Scope of Government
- H10: General
- H11: Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
- H12: Crisis Management
- H13: Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization
- H19: Other
- H2: Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
- H20: General
- H21: Efficiency • Optimal Taxation
- H22: Incidence
- H23: Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
- H24: Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
- H25: Business Taxes and Subsidies
- H26: Tax Evasion and Avoidance
- H27: Other Sources of Revenue
- H29: Other
- H3: Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
- H30: General
- H31: Household
- H32: Firm
- H39: Other
- H4: Publicly Provided Goods
- H40: General
- H41: Public Goods
- H42: Publicly Provided Private Goods
- H43: Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate
- H44: Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
- H49: Other
- H5: National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
- H50: General
- H51: Government Expenditures and Health
- H52: Government Expenditures and Education
- H53: Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
- H54: Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
- H55: Social Security and Public Pensions
- H56: National Security and War
- H57: Procurement
- H59: Other
- H6: National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
- H60: General
- H61: Budget • Budget Systems
- H62: Deficit • Surplus
- H63: Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt
- H68: Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
- H69: Other
- H7: State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations
- H70: General
- H71: State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
- H72: State and Local Budget and Expenditures
- H73: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
- H74: State and Local Borrowing
- H75: State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions
- H76: State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
- H77: Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession
- H79: Other
- H8: Miscellaneous Issues
- H80: General
- H81: Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts
- H82: Governmental Property
- H83: Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits
- H84: Disaster Aid
- H87: International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods
- H89: Other
- H0: General
- I: Health, Education, and Welfare
- I0: General
- I00: General
- I1: Health
- I10: General
- I11: Analysis of Health Care Markets
- I12: Health Behavior
- I13: Health Insurance, Public and Private
- I14: Health and Inequality
- I15: Health and Economic Development
- I18: Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health
- I19: Other
- I2: Education and Research Institutions
- I20: General
- I21: Analysis of Education
- I22: Educational Finance • Financial Aid
- I23: Higher Education • Research Institutions
- I24: Education and Inequality
- I25: Education and Economic Development
- I26: Returns to Education
- I28: Government Policy
- I29: Other
- I3: Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
- I30: General
- I31: General Welfare, Well-Being
- I32: Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
- I38: Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
- I39: Other
- I0: General
- J: Labor and Demographic Economics
- J0: General
- J00: General
- J01: Labor Economics: General
- J08: Labor Economics Policies
- J1: Demographic Economics
- J10: General
- J11: Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
- J12: Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse
- J13: Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth
- J14: Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination
- J15: Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination
- J16: Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination
- J17: Value of Life • Forgone Income
- J18: Public Policy
- J19: Other
- J2: Demand and Supply of Labor
- J20: General
- J21: Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
- J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply
- J23: Labor Demand
- J24: Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity
- J26: Retirement • Retirement Policies
- J28: Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy
- J29: Other
- J3: Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
- J30: General
- J31: Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials
- J32: Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions
- J33: Compensation Packages • Payment Methods
- J38: Public Policy
- J39: Other
- J4: Particular Labor Markets
- J40: General
- J41: Labor Contracts
- J42: Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets
- J43: Agricultural Labor Markets
- J44: Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing
- J45: Public Sector Labor Markets
- J46: Informal Labor Markets
- J47: Coercive Labor Markets
- J48: Public Policy
- J49: Other
- J5: Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
- J50: General
- J51: Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
- J52: Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining
- J53: Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence
- J54: Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership
- J58: Public Policy
- J59: Other
- J6: Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
- J60: General
- J61: Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers
- J62: Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
- J63: Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs
- J64: Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
- J65: Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings
- J68: Public Policy
- J69: Other
- J7: Labor Discrimination
- J70: General
- J71: Discrimination
- J78: Public Policy
- J79: Other
- J8: Labor Standards: National and International
- J80: General
- J81: Working Conditions
- J82: Labor Force Composition
- J83: Workers' Rights
- J88: Public Policy
- J89: Other
- J0: General
- K: Law and Economics
- K0: General
- K00: General
- K1: Basic Areas of Law
- K10: General
- K11: Property Law
- K12: Contract Law
- K13: Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics
- K14: Criminal Law
- K15: Civil Law • Common Law
- K16: Election Law
- K19: Other
- K2: Regulation and Business Law
- K20: General
- K21: Antitrust Law
- K22: Business and Securities Law
- K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
- K24: Cyber Law
- K25: Real Estate Law
- K29: Other
- K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law
- K30: General
- K31: Labor Law
- K32: Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
- K33: International Law
- K34: Tax Law
- K35: Personal Bankruptcy Law
- K36: Family and Personal Law
- K37: Immigration Law
- K38: Human Rights Law • Gender Law
- K39: Other
- K4: Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
- K40: General
- K41: Litigation Process
- K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
- K49: Other
- K0: General
- L: Industrial Organization
- L0: General
- L00: General
- L1: Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
- L10: General
- L11: Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms
- L12: Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies
- L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
- L14: Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks
- L15: Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility
- L16: Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices
- L17: Open Source Products and Markets
- L19: Other
- L2: Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
- L20: General
- L21: Business Objectives of the Firm
- L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure
- L23: Organization of Production
- L24: Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing
- L25: Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
- L26: Entrepreneurship
- L29: Other
- L3: Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
- L30: General
- L31: Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship
- L32: Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises
- L33: Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out
- L38: Public Policy
- L39: Other
- L4: Antitrust Issues and Policies
- L40: General
- L41: Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
- L42: Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts
- L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
- L44: Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
- L49: Other
- L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy
- L50: General
- L51: Economics of Regulation
- L52: Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods
- L53: Enterprise Policy
- L59: Other
- L6: Industry Studies: Manufacturing
- L60: General
- L61: Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics
- L62: Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment
- L63: Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment
- L64: Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments
- L65: Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics
- L66: Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits
- L67: Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
- L68: Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables
- L69: Other
- L7: Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
- L70: General
- L71: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
- L72: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
- L73: Forest Products
- L74: Construction
- L78: Government Policy
- L79: Other
- L8: Industry Studies: Services
- L80: General
- L81: Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce
- L82: Entertainment • Media
- L83: Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism
- L84: Personal, Professional, and Business Services
- L85: Real Estate Services
- L86: Information and Internet Services • Computer Software
- L87: Postal and Delivery Services
- L88: Government Policy
- L89: Other
- L9: Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
- L90: General
- L91: Transportation: General
- L92: Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
- L93: Air Transportation
- L94: Electric Utilities
- L95: Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities
- L96: Telecommunications
- L97: Utilities: General
- L98: Government Policy
- L99: Other
- L0: General
- M: Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics
- M0: General
- M00: General
- M1: Business Administration
- M10: General
- M11: Production Management
- M12: Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation
- M13: New Firms • Startups
- M14: Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility
- M15: IT Management
- M16: International Business Administration
- M19: Other
- M2: Business Economics
- M20: General
- M21: Business Economics
- M29: Other
- M3: Marketing and Advertising
- M30: General
- M31: Marketing
- M37: Advertising
- M38: Government Policy and Regulation
- M39: Other
- M4: Accounting and Auditing
- M40: General
- M41: Accounting
- M42: Auditing
- M48: Government Policy and Regulation
- M49: Other
- M5: Personnel Economics
- M50: General
- M51: Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions
- M52: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
- M53: Training
- M54: Labor Management
- M55: Labor Contracting Devices
- M59: Other
- M0: General
- N: Economic History
- N0: General
- N00: General
- N01: Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
- N1: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations
- N10: General, International, or Comparative
- N11: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N12: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N13: Europe: Pre-1913
- N14: Europe: 1913–
- N15: Asia including Middle East
- N16: Latin America • Caribbean
- N17: Africa • Oceania
- N2: Financial Markets and Institutions
- N20: General, International, or Comparative
- N21: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N22: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N23: Europe: Pre-1913
- N24: Europe: 1913–
- N25: Asia including Middle East
- N26: Latin America • Caribbean
- N27: Africa • Oceania
- N3: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
- N30: General, International, or Comparative
- N31: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N32: U.S. • Canada: 1913-
- N33: Europe: Pre-1913
- N34: Europe: 1913-
- N35: Asia including Middle East
- N36: Latin America • Caribbean
- N37: Africa • Oceania
- N4: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
- N40: General, International, or Comparative
- N41: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N42: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N43: Europe: Pre-1913
- N44: Europe: 1913–
- N45: Asia including Middle East
- N46: Latin America • Caribbean
- N47: Africa • Oceania
- N5: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
- N50: General, International, or Comparative
- N51: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N52: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N53: Europe: Pre-1913
- N54: Europe: 1913–
- N55: Asia including Middle East
- N56: Latin America • Caribbean
- N57: Africa • Oceania
- N6: Manufacturing and Construction
- N60: General, International, or Comparative
- N61: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N62: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N63: Europe: Pre-1913
- N64: Europe: 1913–
- N65: Asia including Middle East
- N66: Latin America • Caribbean
- N67: Africa • Oceania
- N7: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
- N70: General, International, or Comparative
- N71: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N72: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N73: Europe: Pre-1913
- N74: Europe: 1913–
- N75: Asia including Middle East
- N76: Latin America • Caribbean
- N77: Africa • Oceania
- N8: Micro-Business History
- N80: General, International, or Comparative
- N81: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N82: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N83: Europe: Pre-1913
- N84: Europe: 1913–
- N85: Asia including Middle East
- N86: Latin America • Caribbean
- N87: Africa • Oceania
- N9: Regional and Urban History
- N90: General, International, or Comparative
- N91: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N92: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N93: Europe: Pre-1913
- N94: Europe: 1913–
- N95: Asia including Middle East
- N96: Latin America • Caribbean
- N97: Africa • Oceania
- N0: General
- O: Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
- O1: Economic Development
- O10: General
- O11: Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
- O12: Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
- O13: Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products
- O14: Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology
- O15: Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration
- O16: Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance
- O17: Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements
- O18: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure
- O19: International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations
- O2: Development Planning and Policy
- O20: General
- O21: Planning Models • Planning Policy
- O22: Project Analysis
- O23: Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
- O24: Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy
- O25: Industrial Policy
- O29: Other
- O3: Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights
- O30: General
- O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
- O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
- O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes
- O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
- O35: Social Innovation
- O38: Government Policy
- O39: Other
- O4: Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
- O40: General
- O41: One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
- O42: Monetary Growth Models
- O43: Institutions and Growth
- O44: Environment and Growth
- O47: Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence
- O49: Other
- O5: Economywide Country Studies
- O50: General
- O51: U.S. • Canada
- O52: Europe
- O53: Asia including Middle East
- O54: Latin America • Caribbean
- O55: Africa
- O56: Oceania
- O57: Comparative Studies of Countries
- O1: Economic Development
- P: Economic Systems
- P0: General
- P00: General
- P1: Capitalist Systems
- P10: General
- P11: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P12: Capitalist Enterprises
- P13: Cooperative Enterprises
- P14: Property Rights
- P16: Political Economy
- P17: Performance and Prospects
- P18: Energy • Environment
- P19: Other
- P2: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
- P20: General
- P21: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P22: Prices
- P23: Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population
- P24: National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
- P25: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
- P26: Political Economy • Property Rights
- P27: Performance and Prospects
- P28: Natural Resources • Energy • Environment
- P29: Other
- P3: Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
- P30: General
- P31: Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
- P32: Collectives • Communes • Agriculture
- P33: International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
- P34: Financial Economics
- P35: Public Economics
- P36: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
- P37: Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior
- P39: Other
- P4: Other Economic Systems
- P40: General
- P41: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P42: Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population
- P43: Public Economics • Financial Economics
- P44: National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
- P45: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
- P46: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
- P47: Performance and Prospects
- P48: Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies
- P49: Other
- P5: Comparative Economic Systems
- P50: General
- P51: Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
- P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
- P59: Other
- P0: General
- Q: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics
- Q0: General
- Q00: General
- Q01: Sustainable Development
- Q02: Commodity Markets
- Q1: Agriculture
- Q10: General
- Q11: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices
- Q12: Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
- Q13: Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness
- Q14: Agricultural Finance
- Q15: Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment
- Q16: R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services
- Q17: Agriculture in International Trade
- Q18: Agricultural Policy • Food Policy
- Q19: Other
- Q2: Renewable Resources and Conservation
- Q20: General
- Q21: Demand and Supply • Prices
- Q22: Fishery • Aquaculture
- Q23: Forestry
- Q24: Land
- Q25: Water
- Q26: Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
- Q27: Issues in International Trade
- Q28: Government Policy
- Q29: Other
- Q3: Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
- Q30: General
- Q31: Demand and Supply • Prices
- Q32: Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
- Q33: Resource Booms
- Q34: Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
- Q35: Hydrocarbon Resources
- Q37: Issues in International Trade
- Q38: Government Policy
- Q39: Other
- Q4: Energy
- Q40: General
- Q41: Demand and Supply • Prices
- Q42: Alternative Energy Sources
- Q43: Energy and the Macroeconomy
- Q47: Energy Forecasting
- Q48: Government Policy
- Q49: Other
- Q5: Environmental Economics
- Q50: General
- Q51: Valuation of Environmental Effects
- Q52: Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects
- Q53: Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling
- Q54: Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming
- Q55: Technological Innovation
- Q56: Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth
- Q57: Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology
- Q58: Government Policy
- Q59: Other
- Q0: General
- R: Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
- R0: General
- R00: General
- R1: General Regional Economics
- R10: General
- R11: Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
- R12: Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
- R13: General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
- R14: Land Use Patterns
- R15: Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models
- R19: Other
- R2: Household Analysis
- R20: General
- R21: Housing Demand
- R22: Other Demand
- R23: Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics
- R28: Government Policy
- R29: Other
- R3: Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
- R30: General
- R31: Housing Supply and Markets
- R32: Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
- R33: Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
- R38: Government Policy
- R39: Other
- R4: Transportation Economics
- R40: General
- R41: Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise
- R42: Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning
- R48: Government Pricing and Policy
- R49: Other
- R5: Regional Government Analysis
- R50: General
- R51: Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
- R52: Land Use and Other Regulations
- R53: Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock
- R58: Regional Development Planning and Policy
- R59: Other
- R0: General
- Y: Miscellaneous Categories
- Y1: Data: Tables and Charts
- Y10: Data: Tables and Charts
- Y2: Introductory Material
- Y20: Introductory Material
- Y3: Book Reviews (unclassified)
- Y30: Book Reviews (unclassified)
- Y4: Dissertations (unclassified)
- Y40: Dissertations (unclassified)
- Y5: Further Reading (unclassified)
- Y50: Further Reading (unclassified)
- Y6: Excerpts
- Y60: Excerpts
- Y7: No Author General Discussions
- Y70: No Author General Discussions
- Y8: Related Disciplines
- Y80: Related Disciplines
- Y9: Other
- Y90: Other
- Y91: Pictures and Maps
- Y92: Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.
- Y1: Data: Tables and Charts
- Z: Other Special Topics
- Z0: General
- Z00: General
- Z1: Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology
- Z10: General
- Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature
- Z12: Religion
- Z13: Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification
- Z18: Public Policy
- Z19: Other
- Z2: Sports Economics
- Z20: General
- Z21: Industry Studies
- Z22: Labor Issues
- Z23: Finance
- Z28: Policy
- Z29: Other
- Z3: Tourism Economics
- Z30: General
- Z31: Industry Studies
- Z32: Tourism and Development
- Z33: Marketing and Finance
- Z38: Policy
- Z39: Other
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